Details of the Axial Skeleton: The Vertebral Column - Apologia

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Advanced Biology Video Lessons

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Introduction
Organizational Levels of the Human Body
Homeostasis
Control of Homeostasis: Feedback Stystems
A Review of Cell Structure and Organelle Function
A Review of Protein Synthesis
A Review of Cellular Mitosis
The Plasma Membrane
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
Membrane Transport Process

Introduction
Epithelial Structure
Stratified Epithelial Tissue
Glandular Epithelium
Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue Proper
Cartilage
Bone and Blood
Membranes
Tissue Repair

Introduction
The Basic Structure of Skin
A Closer Look at the Epidermis
Hair and Nails
Skin Glands
The Skeletal System
Gross Anatomy of Bone
An Overview of the Skeletal System
Details of the Appendicular Skeleton: The Limbs
Details of the Appendicular Skeleton: The Hands and Feet
Details of the Axial Skeleton: The Skull
Details of the Axial Skeleton: The Vertebral Column
Details of the Axial Skeleton: The Thoracic Cage

Introduction
Cancellous and Compact Bone Histology
Bone Growth and Bone Remodeling
Bone Homeostasis
Nutrition for Bone Health

Introduction
Skeletal Muscle Structure
How a Muscle Fiber Contracts
The Neuromuscular Junction in a Skeletal Muscle
How a Muscle Fiber Relaxes
Motor Units
Multiple Motor Unit Summation
Muscle Tone
Energy Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Warm-up and Cool-down

Introduction
An Overview of the Skeletal Muscle System
Major Muscles of the Head and Face
Major Muscles of the Anterior Chest and Abdominal Wall
The Major Muscles of the Shoulder, Back, and Arm
Major Muscles of the Forearm
Muscles of the Hand
Major Muscles of the Thigh
Major Muscles of the Leg and Foot
Summing Up

Introduction
The Nervous System at the Cellular Level
Neuroglia
Nerve Structure
Action Potentials I: The Resting Potential
Action Potentials II: Stimulus and Response
Action Potentials III: Stimulus and Conduction
Synaptic Transmission
Neuron Arrangements

Introduction
The Brain
Brain Anatomy
The Cerebrum in More Detail
Other Important Structures in the Brain
Protection of the Brain
The Spinal Cord
The Reflex Arc
Ascending and Descending Pathways in the Spinal Cord

Introduction
Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
Control of the Autonomic Nervous System
The Afferent Division of the Peripheral Nervous System
The General Senses
The Sense of Smell
The Sense of Taste
The Sense of Balance
The Sense of Hearing
The Sense of Vision: Eye Anatomy
The Sense of Vision: Physiology of the Eye

Introduction
The Endocrine System as a Whole
Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Hormone Chemistry
Hormone Secretion Control
Patterns of Hormone Secretion
Hormone Receptors in the Body
Prostaglandins

Introduction
The Composition of Blood
The Formed Elements in Blood
Blood As a Connective Tissue
Blood Types
An Overview of Blood Circulation
Heart Anatomy
The Flow of Blood Through the Heart
Cardiac Muscle and the Cardiac Cycle
Blood Vessels and the Entire Circulatory System

Introduction
Lymph and Lymph Vessels
Functions of the Lymphatic System
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
Lymph Nodes
The Spleen and the Thymus Gland
Immunity
The First Line of Innate (Nonspecific) Immunity
The Second Line of Innate Defense
Acquired Immunity, Part 1 Humoral Immunity
Acquired Immunity, Part 2 Cell-mediated Immunity
Types of Acquired Immunity and Autoimmunity

Introduction
Overview of the Digestive System
The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
The Stomach
The Small Intestine
The Large Intestine
Accessory Organs: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
Nutrition
Micronutrients

Introduction
Anatomy and Functions of the Respiratory Systems
Voice
The Muscles and Mechanics of Ventilation
External Respiration
Gas Exchange During External and Internal Respiration
Respiratory Control
Cellular Respiration
Stage 1 of Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis
Stage 2 of Cellular Respiration: Oxidation of Pyruvate
Stage 3 of Cellular Respiration: Citric Acid (or Krebs) Cycle
Stage 4 of Cellular Respiration: Electron Transport Chain
Review of Cellular Respiration

Introduction
Anatomy of the Urinary System
Urine Formation: The Overall Scheme
Urine Formation: Step 1 Glomerular Filtration
Urine Formation, Step 2 Reabsorption
Urine Formation, Step 3 Secretion
Urine Formation, Step 4 Reabsorption of Water
Storage and Release of Urine
Blood Pressure Control by the Kidneys
Acid-Base Balance in the Body

Introduction
Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
Meiosis
Spermatogenesis: Development of Sperm
Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction
Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
Oogenesis: Development of the Ovum
The Menstrual Cycle
Fertilization, Development, And Parturition
The Three Major Types of Joints in the Skeleton
Motion and Terms of Movement

Details of the Axial Skeleton: The Vertebral Column

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