The Second Law of Thermodynamics - Apologia

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Chemistry Video Lessons

Introduction
Units of Measurement
The Metric System
Manipulating Units
Converting Between Units
Converting Between Unit Systems
More Complex Unit Conversions and Problem Solving
Derived Units
Making Measurements
Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Scientific Notation
Using Significant Figures in Mathematical Problems
Measuring Temperature
The Nature of Scientific Law
Experimentation and the Scientific Method

Introduction
Early Attempts to Understand Matter
The Law of Mass Conservation
Elements: The Basic Building Blocks of Matter
Compounds
The Law of Multiple Proportions
Dalton's Atomic Theory
Molecules: The Basic Building Blocks of Compounds
Abbreviating and Classifying Compounds
Classifying Matter as Ionic or Covalent
Naming Compounds
Classifying Matter

Introduction
Historical Overview
Electrical Charge
Electrical Charge and Atomic Structure
Determining the Number of Protons and Electrons in an Atom
Determining the Number of Neutrons in an Atom
Isotopes and Nuclear Bombs
Atomic Structure in More Detail
The Nature of Light
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The Relationship Between Frequency and Energy
How the Eye Detects Color Experiment 3.3
The Bohr Model of the Atom
The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
Building Atoms in the Quantum Mechanical Model
Abbreviated Electron Configurations
The Amazing Design of Atoms

Introduction
Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
Lewis Structures
Lewis Structures for Ionic Compounds
Handling the Exceptions in Ionic Compounds
Ionizing Energy and Periodic Properties
Electronegativity: Another Periodic Property
Atomic Radius: Another Periodic Property
Lewis Structures of Covalent Compounds
More Complicated Lewis Structures
An Application of Lewis Structures

Introduction
Polyatomic Ions
Molecular Geometry: The VSEPR Theory
Nonpolar Covalent and Polar Covalent Bonds
Nonpolar Covalent and Polar Covalent Molecules
The Practical Consequence of Whether Or Not a Molecule Is Polar Covalent Experiment 5.2

Introduction
Classifying Changes That Occur in Matter
Phase Changes
The Kinetic Theory of Matter
Density
Phase Changes in Water
Chemical Reaction and Chemical Equations
Determining Whether or Not a Chemical Equation Is Balanced
Balancing Chemical Equations

Introduction
Three Basic Types of Chemical Reactions
Decomposition Reactions
Formation Reactions
Combustion Reactions
Combustion of Metals
Complete Combustion Reactions
Incomplete Combustion
Atomic Mass
Molecular Mass
The Mole Concept
Using the Mole Concept in Chemical Equations

Introduction
Mole Relationships in Chemical Equations
Limiting Reactants and Excess Components Experiment 8.1
Fully Analyzing Chemical Equations
Relating Products to Reactants in Chemical Equations
Using Chemical Equations When the Limiting Reactant Is Identified
Volume Relationships for Gases in Chemical Equations
Mass Relationships in Chemical Equations
Using Stoichiometry to Determine Chemical Formulas
Empirical and Molecular Formulas
More Complicated Experiments for Determining Chemical Formulas

Introduction
Acids and Bases
The Chemical Definitions of Acids and Bases
The Behavior of Ionic Compounds in Aqueous Solutions
Identifying Acids and Bases in Chemical Reactions
Recognizing Acids and Bases from Their Chemical Formulas
Predicting the Reactions That Occur Between Acids and Bases
The Reactions Between Acids and Covalent Bases
Molarity
The Dilution Equation
The Importance of Concentration in Chemistry
Using Concentration in Stoichiometry
Acid-Base Titrations

Introduction
How Solutes Dissolve in Solvents
Solubility
Energy Changes That Occur When Making a Solution Experiment 103
Applying Stoichiometry to Solutions
Molality
Freezing-Point Depression Experiment 10.4
Boiling-Point Elevation

Introduction
The Definition of Pressure
Boyle's Law
Charles's Law
The Combined Gas Law
Ideal Gases
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
Vapor Pressure
An Alternative Statement of Dalton's Law
The Ideal Gas Law
Using the Ideal Gas Law in Stoichiometry Experiment 11.2

Introduction
Energy and Heat
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Units for Measuring Heat and Energy
The Calorie Unit
Measuring Heat
Calorimetry

Introduction
Enthalpy
Determining Change in Enthalpy for a Chemical Reaction by Experiment
Determining the Change in Enthalpy of a Chemical Reaction Using Bond Energies
Hess's Law
Applying Enthalpy to Shoichiometry
Energy Diagrams
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
The Proper Application of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Gibbs Free Energy

Introduction
Reaction Kinetics
Factors that Affect the Kinetics of a Chemical Reaction Experiment 14.1
The Rate Equation
Using Experiments to Determine the Details of the Rate Equation
Rate Orders
Using Rate Equations
Temperature Dependence in the Rate Equation
Catalysts and Reaction Rate Experiment 14.2

Introduction
The Definition of Chemical Equilibrium
The Equilibrium Constant
A Few More Details About the Equilibrium Constant
Using the Equilibrium Constant to Predict the Progress of a Reaction
Le Chatelier's Principle
Pressure and Le Chatelier's Principle
Temperature and Le Chatelier's Principle
Acid-Base Equilibria
The pH Scale
Acid Rain

Introduction
Oxidation Numbers
Determining Oxidation Numbers
Oxidation and Reduction
Recognizing Reduction-Oxidation Reactions
An Important Characteristic of Reduction-Oxidation Reactions
How Batteries Work
Real Batteries
Corrosion
Some Final Words

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

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