The Unique Design of Echinoderms - Apologia

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Introduction
The Process of Science
What Scientists Do
Scientific Method in Action
The Limitations of Science
The Study of Life
Cells and Life
Growth and Development
Metabolism and Energy
Homeostasis
Responding to Stimuli
DNA and Reproduction
Tools of BIology
A Common Measurement System
Tables and Graphs
Microscopes and Experiment 1.1
Safety in Biology

Introduction
The Composition of Matter
Atoms - The Basic Building Blocks of Matter
Elements
Isotopes
Molecules and Compounds
Chemical Bonds
The Properties of Water
The Structure of Water
Life-Supporting Properties of Water
Carbon Compounds and Experiment 2.2
Lipids
Proteins and Enzymes

Introduction
Energy and Life
Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers
Food Chains, Food Webs, and Trophic Levels
Energy Moves Through Trophic Levels
The Biosphere
The Water Cycle
The Carbon Cycle
The Oxygen Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
The Phosphorus Cycle
Ecosystems and Biomes
Factors that Affect Ecosystems
Major Biomes
Populations and Communities
Community Interactions - Competition
Community Interactions - Predation
Community Interactions - Symbiosis
Community Disturbances
Characteristics of Populations

Introduction
History of Cell Theory
The Cell Theory
Characteristics of Cells
Cell Structure
Structures That All Cells Have in Common
Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
A Closer Look at Membranes
Movement Through Membranes
Osmosis in Living Cells

Introduction
ATP - The Energy Currency of Cells
Photosynthesis - Making Energy Packed Food
The Light Reactions
The Calvin Cycle
Cellular Respiration - Making ATP
Mitochondrial Design
The Stages of Cellular Respiration

Introduction
DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes
A Brief History of the Discovery of DNA
Genes and Chromosomes
DNA Replication
Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis Part 1 - Transcription - DNA to RNA
Protein Synthesis Part 2 - Translation - RNA to Protein
Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
Mitosis
Meiosis

Introduction
Mendelian Genetics
Mendel's Experiments
Modern Terminology
Punnett Squares
Testcross
Pedigrees
More Complex Crosses
Inheritance Patterns
Sex-Linked Genetic Traits
Nonmendelian Inheritance Patterns
Human Genetics
Autosomal Disorders
Sex-Linked Disorders
Disorders Caused by Damaged Genes
Disorders Caused by Damaged Chromosomes
Disorders Due to Change in Chromosome Number
Gene Technologies
Restriction Enzymes
Gel Electrophoresis and DNA Profiling
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA
Summing Up

Introduction
Charles Darwin
Darwin's Theory
Microevolution and Macroevolution
The Geological Column and the Fossil Record
A Detailed Look at the Fossil Record Evidence
The Cambrian Explosion
Punctuated Equlibrium
Structural Homology
Molecular Biology
Why Do So Many Scientists Believe in Macroevolution

Introduction
Biological Classification
Five Kingdoms or Six Kingdoms
Overview of 3 Domains and 4 Kingdoms
Classifying Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species using Biological Keys
Archae and Bacteria
Archae
Bacteria
Viruses
Viral Structure
How Viruses Infect
Defenses Against Viruses

Introduction
Introduction to Protists
General Characteristics of Protists
Classifying Protists
Animal-like Protists
Fungus-like Protists
Plant-like Protists - Euglena and Algae
Part 2, Experiment 10.2
Introduction to Fungi
General Characteristics of Fungi
Structure and Function
Reproduction in Fungi
How Fungi Spread
Classifying Fungi
The Common Molds - Zygote Fungi
Sac Fungi
Club Fungi
Cytrids
Imperfect Fungi
How Fungi Impact Life
Decomposers
Symbiotic Relationships
Pathogens
Summing Up

Introduction
Introduction to Plants
Classifying Plants
Nonvascular Plants - Bryophytes
Seedless Vascular Plants - Pteridophytes
Seed Plants
A Closer Look at the Angiosperm Life Cycle
The Parts of a Flower
Reproduction in Angiosperms - Part 1 - Pollen and Embryo Sacs
Egg Cell Formation
Reproduction in Angiosperms - Part 2 - Pollination
Reproduction in Angiosperms - Part 3 - Fertilization
Seeds and Fruits
Germination and Early Growth
Vegetative Reproduction

Introduction
Introduction to Plant Anatomy and Physiology
Plant Structure
Plant Tissue
Roots
Stems
Leaves
Leaf Color
Transporting Water and Nutrients
How a Plant Depends on Water
Water Absorption in Plants
Water Transport in Plants
Movement of Substances in Phloem
Plant Growth, Hormones, and Responses
Auxins and Plant Responses
Cytokinins
Gibberellins
Abscisic Acid
Ethylene
Florigen
Unique Designs
Freshwater Plants
Saltwater Plants
Desert Plants
Insectivorous Plants

Introduction
Characteristics of Animals
Invertebrates and Vertebrates
Symmetry
Diversity of Invertebrates
Sponges - Phylum Porifera
Phylum Cnidaria
Phylum Annelida
Phylum Platyhelminthes - Planarian
Other Members of Phylum Platyhelminthes
Phylum Nematoda
Phylum Mollusca
Summing Up the Invertebrates

Introduction
A Closer Look at Arthropods
The Diversity of Arthropods
Class Crustacea - The Crayfish
Class Arachnida
Classes Chilopoda and Diplopoda
Class Insecta
The Basic Anatomy of an Insect
A Few Orders of Class Insecta
A Bit About Echinoderms
The Unique Design of Echinoderms
Diversity of Echinoderms
Summing Up

Introduction
General Characteristics of Chordates
Nonvertebrate Chordates
Tunicates
Lancelets
General Characteristics of Vertebrates
Circulatory System
Nervous System
Reproduction
Diversity of Vertebrates
Jawless Fishes
Cartilaginous Fishes
Bony Fishes
Diversity of Vertebrates - Amphibians
Characteristics of Amphibians
Groups of Amphibians
Diversity of Vertebrates - Reptiles
Characteristics of Reptiles
Classification of Reptiles

Introduction
Birds
Characteristics of Birds
Classification of Class Aves
Mammals
Characteristics of Mammals
Classification of Class Mammalia
Animal Behavior
Innate Behavior
Learned Behavior
Social Behaviors
Summing it All Up

The Unique Design of Echinoderms

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